@article {1106, title = {Rhetorical Scarcity: Spatial and Economic Inflections on Genre Change}, journal = {College Composition and Communication}, volume = {63}, year = {2012}, month = {02/2012}, pages = {483}, chapter = {453}, abstract = {

This study examines how changes in a key scientific genre supported anthropology\’s early twentieth-century bid for scientific status. Combining spatial theories of genre with inflections from the register of economics, I develop the concept of rhetorical scarcity to characterize this genre change not as evolution but as manipulation that produces a manufactured situation of intense rhetorical constraint.

}, keywords = {genre, history, professional, rhetoric, science}, author = {Risa Applegarth} } @article {605, title = {The Evolutionary Nature of Genre: An Investigation of the Short Texts Accompanying Research Articles in the Scientific Journal Nature}, journal = {English for Specific Purposes}, volume = {27}, year = {2008}, note = {+ pdf}, month = {2008}, pages = {22{\textendash}41}, abstract = {The present empirical analysis of the short texts accompanying research articles in the scientificjournal Nature covering a period from 1991 to 2005, not only shows that these texts are significantly different from prescriptive models of abstracts, but that they have also recently undergone a further change. Up until 1996, in contrast to the traditionally viewed structure of abstracts (Introduction- Methods-Results-Conclusion/Discussion (IMRC/D)), the short texts in Nature vary considerably in structure with only 18\% of those studied having the basic IMRC/D format and the Results being the only obligatory move. This manipulation of structure, accompanied by the predominant use of the Present and Present Perfect active, the use of modifiers, the apparent removal of hedging to strengthen claims all contribute to make these texts eye-catching, to advertise a paper{\textquoteright}s contribution. With the introduction of the e-version of the journal in 1997, further changes occurred. Many promotional elements have been retained, and though the texts have become much more standardized in their structure, the Methods have been completely removed and the Results incorporated into the Conclusion which becomes the only obligatory move. This change in structure, combined with the inclusion of a greater amount of commentary, greater inclusion of information concerning the study{\textquoteright}s effect of the field as a whole, and the inclusion of explicit definitions, shows an evident concern for the {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}general reader{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} and indicates a kind of {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}democratization{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} of the scientific community. Technological advancements in the field of science appear to have also contributed to these modifications coming about. }, keywords = {abstract, applied linguistics, evolution, genre, IMRAD, research article, science}, author = {Ayers, Gael} } @book {620, title = {Shaping Written Knowledge: The Genre and Activity of the Experimental Article in Science}, series = {Rhetoric of the Human Sciences}, year = {1988}, note = {+}, month = {1988}, publisher = {University of Wisconsin Press}, organization = {University of Wisconsin Press}, address = {Madison, WI}, keywords = {genre, science}, author = {Bazerman, Charles} } @inbook {621, title = {Reporting the Experiment: The Changing Account of Scientific Doings in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 1665{\textendash}1800}, booktitle = {Shaping Written Knowledge: The Genre and Activity of the Experimental Article in Science}, year = {1988}, note = {+ b}, month = {1988}, pages = {59{\textendash}79}, publisher = {University of Wisconsin Press}, organization = {University of Wisconsin Press}, address = {Madison, WI}, keywords = {change, evolution, genre, science}, author = {Bazerman, Charles} } @inbook {626, title = {Singular Utterances: Realizing Local Activities through Typified Forms in Typified Circumstances}, booktitle = {Analysing Professional Genres}, year = {2000}, note = {+ au}, month = {2000}, pages = {25{\textendash}40}, publisher = {John Benjamins}, organization = {John Benjamins}, address = {Amsterdam}, keywords = {accountability, genre, Latour, novelty, objects, science, translation}, author = {Bazerman, Charles}, editor = {Trosborg, Anna} } @inbook {640, title = {News Value in Scientific Journal Articles}, booktitle = {Genre Knowledge in Disciplinary Communication: Cognition/Culture/Power}, year = {1995}, note = {+ b}, month = {1995}, pages = {27{\textendash}44}, publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates}, organization = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates}, address = {Hillsdale, NJ}, keywords = {evolution, genre, news, reading, science}, author = {Berkenkotter, Carol and Huckin, Thomas N.} } @article {670, title = {Teaching Genre to English First-Language Adults: A Study of the Laboratory Report}, journal = {Research in the Teaching of English}, volume = {38}, year = {2004}, note = {+ pdf}, month = {2004}, pages = {395{\textendash}419}, keywords = {acquisition, genre, lab report, LabWrite, science, tacit knowledge}, author = {Carter, Michael and Ferzli, Miriam and Wiebe, Eric} } @article {1274, title = {Doing Dialogue: Genre and Flexibility in Public Engagement with Science}, journal = {Science as Culture}, volume = {18}, year = {2010}, pages = {397-416}, chapter = {397}, abstract = {

\‘Public engagement with science\’ is an increasingly important but contested practice. In this study of London\&$\#$39;s Dana Centre I look at dialogue events carried out there as a case study of public engagement, performing a detailed analysis in order to examine their nature and practice. The analysis suggests that event framings (as found in the discourse of events) are multiple, varying from lecture to open debate. Furthermore the genre of events is flexible, with participant involvement organised through the use of genres derived from education, talkshows and news interviewing as well as more traditional genres such as lectures. While it seems there is flexibility in the practice of these informal dialogue events, they are, however, not open to reinvention by all participants equally. The fluidity of practice observed may be due to the newness of these kinds of processes in most people\&$\#$39;s experiences. We are therefore observing, on the ground, the traces of contrasting discourses of the right relationship between science and society.

}, keywords = {science}, author = {Davies, S R} } @article {730, title = {Preserving the Figure: Consistency in the Presentation of Scientific Arguments}, journal = {Written Communication}, volume = {21}, year = {2004}, note = {+ j+ pdf rhet }, month = {2004}, pages = {6{\textendash}31}, keywords = {accommodate, antithesis, audience, figure, genre, science}, author = {Fahnestock, Jeanne} } @mastersthesis {1291, title = {Hacking Science: Emerging Parascientific Genres and Public Participation in Scientific Research}, volume = {Communication, Rhetoric, and Digital Media}, year = {2014}, month = {03/2014}, pages = {498}, school = {North Carolina State University Institutional Repository}, type = {Dissertation}, address = {Raleigh, NC}, abstract = {

The Internet, in Brian Trench{\textquoteright}s (2008) words, {\textquotedblleft}is turning science communication
inside-out{\textquotedblright} and, as a result, the boundaries between internal and external science
communication are {\textquotedblleft}eroding.{\textquotedblright} Yet these boundaries have long been complicated by
{\textquotedblleft}para-scientific genres{\textquotedblright} such as trade magazines, as Sarah Kaplan and Joanna Radin
(2011) show, when they detail genres that exist {\textquotedblleft}alongside{\textquotedblright} mainstream scientific
genres. These genres{\textquoteright} existence is dependent upon their association with established
scientific media and genres, such as the scholarly journal and the scientific research
article. Moreover, these genres reach a wider audience, including policymakers and
others involved in the community, with a mission of influencing the direction of a
discipline or field. Bringing together these ideas, Carolyn R. Miller and I (forthcoming)
extend the notion of parascientific genres to account for emerging genres of science
communication online, suggesting that the rhetorical work parascientific genres do has
been partially moved into more public (or, external) spheres of scientific discourse.
This dissertation focuses on the erosion of boundaries between internal and external
science communication to explore the possibilities for parascientific genres{\textemdash}and looks
specifically to citizen science as a site of inquiry. While some attention has been paid to
citizen science, it is often devoted to scientist-driven cases, where discursive acts are
governed by rhetorics of professionalized science. Participant-driven citizen science
can depart from these conventions, I maintain. And interesting examples of
parascientific genres, or genres that demonstrate characteristics of both internal and
external science communication, are available for examination.

}, keywords = {crowdfunding, genre, Kickstarter, parascientific, proposal, proposal writing, science}, url = {http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/resolver/1840.16/9367}, author = {Kelly, Ashley Rose} } @article {938, title = {Genre Time/Space: Chronotopic Strategies in the Experimental Article}, journal = {JAC: A Journal of Composition Theory}, volume = {19}, year = {1999}, note = {+ pdf}, month = {1999}, pages = {81{\textendash}89}, keywords = {chronotope, science}, url = {http://www.jaconlinejournal.com/archives/vol19.1.html}, author = {Schryer, Catherine F.} } @article {943, title = {Techne or Artful Science and the Genre of Case Presentations in Healthcare Settings}, journal = {Communication Monographs}, volume = {72}, year = {2005}, note = {+ pdf rhet}, month = {2005}, pages = {234{\textendash}260}, keywords = {art, education, genre, identity, medicine, phronesis, professional, science, techne}, author = {Schryer, Catherine F. and Lingard, Lorelei and Spafford, Marlee M} } @article {957, title = {The Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion (IMRAD) Structure: A Fifty-Year Survey}, journal = {Journal of the Medical Library Association}, volume = {92}, year = {2004}, note = {+ pdf}, month = {2004}, pages = {364{\textendash}371}, abstract = {Background: The scientific article in the health sciences evolved from the letter form and purely descriptive style in the seventeenth century to a very standardized structure in the twentieth century known as introduction, methods, results, and discussion (IMRAD). The pace in which this structure began to be used and when it became the most used standard of today{\textquoteright}s scientific discourse in the health sciences is not well established.Purpose: The purpose of this study is to point out the period in time during which the IMRAD structure was definitively and widely adopted in medical scientific writing. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, the frequency of articles written under the IMRAD structure was measured from 1935 to 1985 in a randomly selected sample of articles published in four leading journals in internal medicine: the British Medical Journal, JAMA, The Lancet, and the New England Journal of Medicine. Results: The IMRAD structure, in those journals, began to be used in the 1940s. In the 1970s, it reached 80\% and, in the 1980s, was the only pattern adopted in original papers. Conclusions: Although recommended since the beginning of the twentieth century, the IMRAD structure was adopted as a majority only in the 1970s. The influence of other disciplines and the recommendations of editors are among the facts that contributed to authors adhering to it. }, keywords = {evolution, genre, IMRAD, science}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC442179/}, author = {Sollaci, Luciana B. and Pereira, Mauricio G.} } @book {974, title = {Research genres: explorations and applications}, series = {The Cambridge applied linguistics series}, year = {2004}, note = {+}, month = {2004}, pages = {xii, 314 p.}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, organization = {Cambridge University Press}, address = {Cambridge, UK ; New York}, keywords = {Academic Authorship., Academic writing., dissertation defense, Dissertations, English language Rhetoric Study and teaching., English language Study and teaching (Higher) Foreign speakers., genre, Interdisciplinary approach in education., occluded genre, research article, Research Methodology., science}, isbn = {05218259460521533341 (pb.) }, author = {Swales, John M.} }